Steer-by-Wire (SbW) System

The steer-by-wire (SbW) system is a modern steering mechanism that connects the driver's input interface (steering wheel) and the actuator (steering mechanism) using electronic signals. This eliminates traditional mechanical links, enabling more precise control and enhanced responsiveness.

When the steering wheel is turned, the torque sensor and steering angle sensor measure the driver's input and convert this data into electrical signals sent to the electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU uses signals from the vehicle speed sensor and the displacement sensors mounted on the steering mechanism to control the rotation direction of the torque feedback motor. It simulates the steering force and generates feedback torque to adjust the rotation direction, torque magnitude, and angle of the steering motor. This, in turn, controls the steering position of the wheels through the mechanical steering apparatus.

The steer-by-wire system is compact, providing more space for other components within the cabin. By eliminating the mechanical steering column, it reduces the risk of injury to the driver during collisions. Additionally, with no rigid connection between the steering wheel and the steering mechanism, vibrations are minimally transmitted to the steering wheel, enhancing comfort. Furthermore, because there is no direct link between the steering wheel and the wheel angle, the steering ratio can be fully controlled by the system, allowing for customizable adjustments to the steering response.